Despite these crimes, Lenin is still revered among some communists, communist sympathizers and citizens of former USSR republics. Lenin was born in in what was then Simbirsk, about miles east of Moscow. His family, with the last name Ulyanov, was middle class and prosperous. Two events shaped his revolutionary beliefs: the execution of his older brother, Alexandr for an attempt to murder the Russian Tsar; and his expulsion from Kazan University for being the ringleader of a student uprising.
While becoming a Marxist in , he later was allowed to sit for his law examinations and earned a law degree from St. Petersburg University. He became a public defender and part of a group of revolutionary Marxists.
Eventually, his activities got him exiled to Siberia for three years, from to After that he adopted the pseudonym, "Lenin", and moved to Europe, to continue his revolutionary activities. He returned to Russia to agitate for the, ultimately failed, Revolution of , then returned abroad to Europe in Lenin returned to Russia in April after the czar had abdicated and the Soviet Revolution was underway. Once in power Lenin withdrew Russia from WW I, but his Red Army ended up fighting a three-year civil war with the White Army, a coalition of monarchists, capitalists, and democratic socialists.
After an attempted assassination in in which he was seriously wounded, Lenin waged the Red Terror through the Bolshevik secret police, known as the Cheka. After the Russian famine of , which killed at least five million people, he introduced his New Economic Policy in an attempt to prevent a second revolution.
It permitted some private enterprise, introduced a wage system and let peasants sell produce and other goods on the open market while having to pay tax on any earnings, either in money or raw goods. State-owned enterprises such as steel operated on a for-profit basis. Lenin suffered a series of strokes between and that made speaking and governing difficult.
Lenin was the leader of the October Revolution in Russia that led to the founding of the Soviet Union. Lenin was known for his revolutionary zeal and his ruthlessness toward anyone who did not support him. Lenin led the revolutionary uprising that brought the Bolshevik faction of communism to power in Russia and across the territories of the old Russian Empire. This was one of the major events of world history in the 20th century, which would influence the course of economic, political, and strategic trends all over the world.
Lenin's revolution and establishment of the Soviet Union resulted in the deaths of many millions of Russians and others, and it drove the world into a century of episodic wars and diplomatic conflicts known as the Cold War. BBC - History. Accessed September 15, Levada Center. Guinness Book of World Records.
After the revolution, Lenin headed the new Soviet government that formed in Russia. He became the leader of the USSR upon its founding in Lenin held the highest post in the Soviet government until his death in , when Joseph Stalin assumed power. He adopted the pseudonym Lenin, probably derived from the river Lena in Siberia, while doing secret work as a revolutionary While Lenin was finishing school in Simbirsk in , his older brother, Aleksandr, was arrested and executed in St.
Petersburg then the capital of Russia for his involvement in a conspiracy to assassinate Russian emperor Alexander III. Before completing his first term at the university, however, Lenin was expelled for his involvement in a student demonstration While living on [his mother's] estate, Lenin began to immerse himself in the radical political literature of the time.
One of the novel's main characters, a man named Rakhmetev, lived a life of extreme self-discipline and single-minded focus on revolutionary politics. Rakhmetev served as a model for Lenin, and it was largely these ideals of the Russian revolutionary tradition -- which glorified political action and a life fully committed to the cause of revolutionary political change -- that shaped Lenin's political personality.
Also about this time, Lenin became acquainted with the revolutionary ideas of German philosopher Karl Marx through Marx's greatest work, Das Kapital published in three volumes from to Marx's ideas had a profound impact on Lenin, and he soon came to consider himself a Marxist Lenin received his law degree in He moved to the city of Samara and took a position as a lawyer's assistant.
Lenin's earlier brush with the authorities limited his prospects as a lawyer, however, and he soon began channeling his ambitions into revolutionary politics. In the mids Lenin quit his law practice in Samara and settled in St. There he became associated with a group of radicals who were similarly impressed by the ideas of Marx and the influential Russian Marxist Georgy Plekhanov The First Congress, held in , ended shortly after it convened when most of the delegates were arrested.
At this meeting, Lenin and his colleagues debated the issue of party organization and membership. Lenin argued for a tightly organized party, limited in number, with its members actively engaged in organizational work In Russia went to war with Japan. A string of military defeats and the strains placed on society by the war made for a tense atmosphere in St. Assisted by the Germans, who hoped that he would undermine the Russian war effort, Lenin returned home and started working against the provisional government that had overthrown the tsarist regime.
He eventually led what was soon to be known as the October Revolution, but was effectively a coup d'etat. Almost three years of civil war followed. The Bolsheviks were victorious and assumed total control of the country. During this period of revolution, war and famine, Lenin demonstrated a chilling disregard for the sufferings of his fellow countrymen and mercilessly crushed any opposition.
Although Lenin was ruthless he was also pragmatic. When his efforts to transform the Russian economy to a socialist model stalled, he introduced the New Economic Policy, where a measure of private enterprise was again permitted, a policy that continued for several years after his death.
In , Lenin narrowly survived an assassination attempt, but was severely wounded. His long term health was affected, and in he suffered a stroke from which he never fully recovered.
0コメント